This paper examines the role of the Structural syllabus in EFL settings, particularly EFL classes in Iran. The paper starts with an overview of what the Structural syllabus is. Afterwards, the shortcomings of the Structural syllabus are reviewed. Next the role of formal grammar instruction is discussed in depth. Finally it is suggested that because of the crucial role that grammar instruction plays in EFL settings, the Structural syllabus can serve these classes better than other syllabus types. The Structural syllabus advocated in this paper has two qualities. First, it is compatible with learners internal syllabus. Second, it benefits from innovative tasks such as consciousness-raising activities and communicative activities.

Undoubtedly the holy Quran is a unique book in Arabic language, eloquently and rhetorically. Its words are a pure collection of Arabic literature. All poets, jurisprudents and philosophers believe it as a master art. It is a permanent treasure of Arabic and for it many sciences have been generated. It kept the Arabic language active and dynamic during ups and downs of the history. It also contains local Arabic accents which it shows the trustiness of its phonetic and structure.In this article is studied an explanation of grammatical meaning, understanding the differences between speech patterns, finding out grammatical meanings in speech patterns, and their differences in briefness, Redundancy, transparency and Ambiguity. If the grammar gets excluded of its meaning it would make it dead and prosaic.It study Arabic grammar based on the holy Quran. Thus we are going to study different grammatical patterns which it would lead to different meanings. We believe that although the statements and meanings used in Quran mention a grammatical pattern, it wouldn’t be so in Arabic poems and texts. In Quranit is not going to introduce grammatical patterns, it was the cause and source of establishment of the science of grammar. So Quran is the base of grammar. This article focuses on the books such as “Ma’ani alnahv” by Fazel Al-samaraee , “nahv alQuran” by Abd alsattar Javari and “Men vahy alQuran” by Ebrahim samaraee which are written for the grammar of the Quran.

This paper sets to explore the extraposition of relative clauses in Persian based on Discourse grammar (DG). In this phenomenon, the relative clause moves from the adjacency of Head Noun and is positioned at the end of the sentence leading to discontinuous construction. DG organizes linguistic elements into two domains according to their prosodic, syntactic and semantic behaviors, namely Sentence grammar (SG) and Thetical grammar (TG). Given that TGs are not governed by the Structural requirements of SG, they, as properties of thetical elements, tend to be positionally mobile. By analyzing different instances of relative clauses in Persian, this paper then shows that the phenomenon of extraposition is a common property of relative clauses. In short, the mobility of nonrestrictive relatives results from being belonged to the thetical domain, while the mobility of restrictive relatives as elements of having been transferred from TG to SG domain by grammaticalization, is described as the persistence of the property of earlier form in the new construction.

Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

In order to survive in the complex environment, budget programming or forecasting models have been criticized as inadequate for today’s business environment. Organizations have to use strategic planning to evaluate internal and external situation, then formulate proper strategies and implement them. The key to execute strategy is to have people in the organization understand it. Strategy map has a significant role in the strategic management due to describing strategies of organization and to help people understand strategies. Strategy map is essentially a graphical depiction of the causal model of an organization’s strategy then developing the causal model of the strategy is also important. This paper presents innovative approach to determine causal relationship and levels of strategic objectives in strategy map. For this purpose an interpretive Structural modeling (ISM) based approach has been employed to strategy map. This paper also utilizes the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) methodology to understand the interrelationships among the objectives so that those driving objectives, which can affect others and those dependent objectives, which are most influenced by driving objectives are identified. It emphasizes that interrelationship among objectives isn’t only down to up, it is on both side. An actual example of a small case pipe and fittings manufacturing company provides some managerial insights into the methodology.

This research focuses on cognitive strategy-based grammar instruction to reveal how effective strategy training is in learners' development of both Structural knowledge and strategy use. Through the cluster sampling, 44 participants, who met the expected score in both TOEFL (2003) and the grammar sub-test of the same TOEFL, took part in this study. They were divided into the experimental group receiving cognitive strategy-based instruction and the control group receiving non strategy-based instruction i.e. being taught in the traditional way. Before and after receiving ten 90 minute sessions of instruction, the cognitive group received Purpura's (1999) cognitive questionnaire. The results of data analysis indicated that cognitive instruction does not significantly affect the learners' development of Structural knowledge, while it makes a positive significant difference in the learners' strategy use.

The dependency grammar is one of the grammar formalisms that is originated according to the dependency relations of lexical elements in a sentence. This dependency is based on the valence of the lexicon; therefore, in this formalism the semantic representation of the words as valence is the backbone of the grammar. The current paper reviews the book entitled “ Persian grammar based on the Autonomous Theory in Dependency grammar” according to three major contents. Firstly, the chapters of the book are briefly overviewed. Then, the book’ s content is evaluated and analyzed and the weak and strong points of the book are studied from different perspectives. In this section, some suggestions are provided for the terminology and expressed concepts. Since dependency grammar does not belong to generative grammar, a comparison is made between the dependency and phrase structure grammar formalisms to understand the content better and to ease the mind of the reader with the generative grammar background about the basic concepts of the dependency grammar. At the end, suggestions are provided to extend the dependency grammar in the book.

Syntax representation could be considered as the most important phase in developing an NLP system. Most of the grammars used in these systems are phrase structure ones that try to analyze the sentence by decomposing it into sub constituents. There are alternatives to this approach and link grammar as one of them is based on the words instead of constituents, hence called lexical grammar. We are going to assess their ability for Farsi. We do this by starting from the basic relations in Farsi and adding relations to them one by one to give a set of rules for trivial patterns. In each step, link grammar parser on an appropriate test suit tests the validity of the rules.